Slackware Linux aims to the most Unix-like it can be. Traditionally, Unix operating systems have been command-line oriented. We do have a graphical user interface in Slackware, but the command-line is still the main level of control for the system. Therefore, it is important to understand some of the basic file management commands.
The following sections explain the common file management commands and examples of how they are used. There are many other commands, but these will help you get started. Also, the commands are only briefly discussed here. You will find more detail in the accompanying man pages for each command.
This command lists files in a directory. Windows and DOS users will notice its similarity to the dir command. By itself, ls(1) will list the files in the current directory. To see what's in your root directory, you could issue these commands:
$ cd / $ ls bin cdr dev home lost+found proc sbin tmp var boot cdrom etc lib mnt root suncd usr vmlinuz |
The problem a lot of people have with that output is that you cannot easily tell what is a directory and what is a file. Some users prefer that ls add a type identifier to each listing, like this:
$ ls -FC bin/ cdr/ dev/ home/ lost+found/ proc/ sbin/ tmp/ var/ boot/ cdrom/ etc/ lib/ mnt/ root/ suncd/ usr/ vmlinuz |
Directories get a slash at the end of the name, executable files get an asterisk at the end of the name, and so on.
ls can also be used to get other statistics on files. For example, to see the creation dates, owners, and permissions, you would look at a long listing:
$ ls -l drwxr-xr-x 2 root bin 4096 May 7 1994 bin/ drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 03:55 boot/ drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 18 01:10 cdr/ drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 6144 Oct 23 18:37 cdrom/ drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 28672 Mar 5 18:01 dev/ drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:32 etc/ drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:31 home/ drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 23 21:29 lib/ drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 16384 Nov 1 08:53 lost+found/ drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 6 1997 mnt/ dr-xr-xr-x 62 root root 0 Mar 4 15:32 proc/ drwxr-x---x 12 root root 4096 Feb 26 02:06 root/ drwxr-xr-x 2 root bin 4096 Feb 17 02:02 sbin/ drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 2048 Oct 25 10:51 suncd/ drwxrwxrwt 4 root root 487424 Mar 7 20:42 tmp/ drwxr-xr-x 21 root root 4096 Aug 24 1999 usr/ drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:32 var/ -rw-r---r--- 1 root root 461907 Feb 22 20:04 vmlinuz |
Suppose you want to get a listing of the hidden files in the current directory. This command will do just that:
$ ls -a . bin cdrom home mnt sbin usr .. boot dev lib proc suncd var .pwrchute_tmp cdr etc lost+found root tmp vmlinuz |
Files beginning with a period (called “dot files”) are “hidden” when you run ls. You will only see them if you pass the -a option.
There are many more options that can be found in the online manual page. Don't forget that you can combine options that you pass to ls.